![]() ![]() On February 1 st, 2016, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared ZIKV outbreaks a public health emergency of international concern. It is noteworthy, however, during the 2015–2016 outbreak in the Americas, ZIKV spread into 84 different countries worldwide, with an estimated total of over 1.5 million cases, including thousands of microcephaly cases and other congenital malformations now termed congenital Zika syndrome (CZS) 4, 5. Originally isolated in 1947 in the Zika forest of Uganda, Africa 1, ZIKV was neglected for many years, as only sporadic human infections were documented in Africa and Asia 2, 3. The mosquito-transmitted Zika virus (ZIKV) is a member of Flavivirus genus in the family Flaviviridae, which includes a number of well-known human pathogens such as yellow fever virus (YFV), dengue virus (DENV), West Nile virus (WNV), and Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV). Our study identifies the role of K101R substitution in the C protein in contributing to the enhanced virulent phenotype of the African lineage ZIKV, which expands our understanding of the complexity of ZIKV proteins. Finally, a combined analysis reveals the K101R substitution promotes the production of mature C protein without affecting its binding to viral RNA. Moreover, K101R replicates more efficiently in mouse brains and induces stronger inflammatory responses than the wild type (WT) virus in neonatal mice. Through in vitro characterization, we discover a mutant virus with a lysine to arginine substitution at position 101 of capsid (C) protein (termed K101R) displays a larger plaque phenotype, and replicates more efficiently in various cell lines. ![]() We then utilize reverse genetic technology to generate recombinant ZIKVs incorporating these lineage-specific substitutions based on an infectious cDNA clone of Asian ZIKV. Herein, we identify a panel of amino acid substitutions that are unique to the African lineage of ZIKVs compared to the Asian lineage by phylogenetic analysis and sequence alignment. However, viral determinants and the underlying mechanisms of enhanced virulence phenotype remain largely unknown. “It’s easy to budget with cash and easier to tuck your money away.Increasing evidence shows the African lineage Zika virus (ZIKV) displays a more severe neurovirulence compared to the Asian ZIKV. “Young people are discovering cash – it’s not over,” Mr Bryce said. In theory, more than $5,000 will be squirrelled away in just over three months. Savers set aside a predetermined amount between $1 and $100 in different envelopes. Supposedly, the cash-based trend works by putting money in an envelope each day for 100 days. He cited the viral “100-envelope challenge” saving method, which 275 million young people have adopted worldwide. Mr Bryce said trends on social media platforms like TikTok prove young people are also realising the value in cash. “(They don’t have) a right to herd us into a private system and charge us fees.” “Millions of Australians, many of them vulnerable, rely on cash every single day. ![]() “We all love to tap or use our card it’s convenient, but everybody at some time needs cash,” he said. He said many Australians lament the move towards digital banking which, he argued, charge fees and collect personal information. The past year witnessed an 11 per cent reduction in the number of ATMs. “They’re trying to herd us away from something that is essentially a publicly owned piece of economic infrastructure – the cash that’s issued by the Reserve Bank of Australia,” he told 2GB. He argues it is “not something that’s consumer-led”. Leading them is Jason Bryce, who started Cash Welcome Australia after noticing a localised move away from cash and the problems caused during the depths of the Covid-19 pandemic. ![]() The release of the APRA data comes as 129,000 concerned Australians raised their voices, demanding via an online petition that access to banking services will not continue to dwindle. Similarly, Commonwealth Bank said fewer customers frequent their branches weekly and it is responding to customer behaviour. He said only three per cent of personal banking customers exclusively conduct their banking through a branch. NAB Group CEO Ross McEwan also defended the closures during a recent appearance before the Senate Inquiry, stating, “The decision to close a branch is done with careful consideration of how our customers are visiting and using the branch, the availability of alternative banking options, and our ability to attract talented bankers to serve our customers.” Many of the closures were in regional and remote areas.Īustralian Banking Association Chief Executive Anna Bligh weighed in, suggesting mandates obliging banks to maintain some regional branches would divert crucial funds away from cybersecurity technology. ![]()
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